The reign of James I Essay Example for Free

The reign of jam I Essay(a) Explain briefly the financial policies of James I(b) To what extent was finance the main business in the reign of James IFinance was at the centre of James disputes with fantan. After his move from king of Scotland, James overestimated Englands wealth. He spent a coarse deal of money on Elizabeths funeral and when the ambassador of Spain came to England, he was sure to highlight the countries riches. parliament did not give James more money. Consequently, he was forced to touch on to impositions.Salisbury came up with a great plan c wholeed the Great Contract. This meant that James would give up his feudal rights in return for 200,000 a year. However, parliament fai lead to protest with this idea, if James had enough money to rule without Parliament, he would. This refusal may have led to major dispute. Luckily, James strayed from the idea himself as he feared that high splashiness would leave 200,000 a small fee for his feudal rights.As was st ated earlier, One of James most influential problems with Parliament was finance. However, this was not the only problem that he encountered with Parliament.Some of the most influential disagreements between the King and Parliament were the Divine Right of Kings and the right of Parliament to represent public opinion. James was precise competitive and liked to win arguments, he often used his title to win battles with Parliament and matters often resulted in being matters of principle. However, Gentry became wealthier and more all-powerful and they became determined that Parliament would be protected and then maybe expanded.Real problems begin with foreign policy when the Thirty Year War broke out. This was a Europe wide war between Catholics and Protestants. James son in law was in the centre of the conflicts. He was a Protestant King who unconnected his country due to self greed. Parliament wanted James to support his son and daughter in law and his country by supporting the pr otestant cause. This left James in a predicament. He wanted to receive the money he would need to fight the war against Spain and the holy Roman Emperor, whilst hoping to reduce war by marrying his son, Charles, with the Spanish Infanta. Thus resulting on added pressure on the Roman Empire to give the elector of Palatinate his land back.James handled the difficult come to the fore of religion fairly well and it was not the cause of major disputes between himself and Parliament.The problem came when James inherited the Anglican Church. It contained Puritans that wanted the perform to loose all traces of Catholicism and it also contained Armenians who favoured many of the Catholic ideas. James met with the Puritans at Hampton Court in 1604. James did not give way to their ideas and the meeting resulted in the event of a new Bible. The puritans wanted to get rid of the Kings bishops so that the Church would not be under the Kings control. James refused and made them do things the w ay the church was already.At first James was lenient towards Catholics, maybe due to his mothers Catholic ways, suspending fines that punished Catholics for not attending the Anglican Church. However, Parliament interfered and the decision was reversed. This tougher line with the Catholics led to the Gunpowder plot, with included a plot on James life. This also resulted in armed revolution from overseas Catholics.This proves that finance was a major division in the ever present boiling pot of disputes between James I and Parliament but it was not the only ingredient. James handled many issues with Parliament fairly well however, finance was a particularly difficult matter in which to find a balance, with James wanting more money and Parliament not prepared to give it to him. Subsequently, along with help and ideas from close staff, he managed to bear with the mess of finance but without the reality that England did not the riches that James believed, he would never excel in the iss ue.

Wholeness of society Essay Example for Free

Wholeness of society EssayCarlyle uses repetition, morals, and Biblical allusions to point his arguments towards philosophers, stressing the salutary benefits of work, and his very peremptory attitude of fending of idleness with the weapon he denounces the rubble of human nature, praising work and conformity through his use of imagery. Innate man is portrayed as the chaotic jungles of the world, dangerously crouching toward the desert insanity. Though in our present day, man is given his individualism, Carlyle describes it as a curse.It is pure torment which leads to worse unquenchable craving to be satisfied. Only by the rich calling of society will man escape his sorrows and despair. Human nature was not built to work for itself aspirations for its give personal satisfaction. On the contrary, Carlyle sees the selfish individual draining off the sour festering water into his own corrupted soul. The idea of materialistic and fortuitous meet is made implausible as the rupture caused in mavins life is made over by absurd consequences.These are the means of redemption as healthy as conformity. The world as one has created a necessity to reach and ultimately obtain true satisfaction Carlyle makes this clearly obvious that no one can be oblivious to this global aspiration. Work itself is elevated to the level of divinity, as it is called sacred and the only means to true happiness. Human nature is know to form a kinship to the prosperity and comfort that results from wealth, yet none seek work with the fervor and passion it relies upon.Man is born to work, thus some(prenominal) contrast leads to perpetual despair. At birth man is ignorant but learns that through labor and the conformity into reality, man perfects himself. The illusion of Christs resurrection is made through the sermon-like expression for it was been written that the purifying fire at work will only free the soul from their pity. Blessed is he who holds a life purpose and becomes dis tinguished towards the standards of society for only then can man become pure and stable.Through work, individualism is thus destroyed and ignoble the tyrant. For only them will experience be held good and finally contain the harvest of darkness will bring more satisfaction than the heaps of wisdom, for the life will only be filled with despair. Through and abundant array of biblical allusions and the descriptive imagery to portray the spoils of individualism and the consequences of ignorance, Carlyle praises conformity and those whose life purpose is to benefit the wholeness of society.

Development of Low Cost Microcontroller Based Spirometer

Development of Low Cost Microcontroller Based SpirometerSpirometer is an instrument which is utilize to meter the volume and capacity of lung. It collects the air blow overd by the persevering to measure the lung volume or capacity. The spirometer has a device attached to it which will measure the heading of gas in and out of chest and this device is called as Spirograph. And in some spirometers spirographs argon replaced by printer called Spirogram. In most of the calculating machineized system the spirographs or the spirogram will display the predicted value next to the observed value.Using spirometer various tests are carried out to determine whether the unhurried is having any respiratory dis purchase order or not.Some of the tests carried out are-Tidal Volume (TV)-The add up of air that is breathed in and out by an individual during normal respiration.Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)-The amount of air that is maximally forced out of the lung after maximum inspiration.Forced E xpiratory Volume In 1sec (FEV1)- The amount of air that can be maximally forced out of the lung in the first second of forced expiratory manuever.1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECTTo design a low cost microcontroller based spirometer and hold out the various lung functioning tests.To develop a program for the microcontroller to measure the lung volume and display the result digitally on a liquid crystal display interfaced with it.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEYAUTHORSAgarwal.V ,Ramachandran N.C.S,2008,1TECHNIQUES utilizeThe patient exhales through with(predicate) the mouthpiece where the gas exchange is being acquired as the electric potential signal by the transducer( sensor).This signal from the detector is amplified by an instrumentation amplifier(INA 114). and so the amplified signal is filtered using a low-pass-filter which is then inclined to a ADC(ADS7812) for digitisation.After digitisation it is attached to the microcontroller(Intel) from which the data is displayed on the LCD screen.For further interface for communication on internet ETHERNET device is use.RESULTSThe output voltage from the amplifier is digitised using ADC which corresponds to the pressure difference across mouthpiece is computed by the microcontroller and displayed on the LCD screen.LIMITATIONS/FUTURE VISIONIn future the system is expected to be inexpensivemedical care for thousands of patient.AUTHORSNagaraja K.A,Nanda.S, 2007,2TECHNIQUES USEDThe patient exhales the air through the mouthpiece which consists of a flow sensor, differential pressure sensor, instrumentation amplifier,low pass filter and ADC.The flow sensor relates the velocity and the pressure of air blown if thither is no air flow through the sensor the velocity is converted to pressure and this pressure difference is sensed by the difference flow sensor which inturn provide the electrical quantity of the air flow.Inorder to remove noise and amplify the signal an instrumentation amplifier is used.Which is then fed to the b and pass filter of the represent 0.05Hz to 1.3Hz,where the spirometer lies in the range of 0.1Hz to 12Hz.The filtered signal is digitised using ADC and this data is read by a microcontroller which is then interfaced to a computer.RESULTSVarious tests are performed and FVC,FEV1 and their ratio are figure and monitored.Depending on these value we determine whether its normal (or) sumptuary (or) obstructive.LIMITATIONS/FUTURE VISIONNot portableAUTHORSDr.David Van Sickle et.al ,2009,3TECHNIQUES USEDInitially the patient is allowed to expire through the spirometer.The spirometer consists of a pressure sensor(HW 24) which gives a DC voltage as output.This DC voltage is propotional to the pressure drop between the leads which is recorded by the spirometer.This additive data is then converted to digital using ZMD 31014 iLite chip.Microcontroller(PIC18f13k50) is used to convert the digital data to USB.Using mathematical algorithm implemented in the computer it calculates the volume and d isplays on the screen.RESULTSGraphical display of flow vs volume is evaluated and monitored from which the following values can be calculated PEF,FVC, FEV(t) and FEV1/FVC ratio.LIMITATIONS/FUTURE VISIONHighly expensive.AUTHORSOvlyaguli et.al,20014TECHNIQUES USEDThe test is performed using wedge bellow type spirometer the FVC and FEV1 data collected are investigated where the test is performed on different patient and are grouped accordingly.Then a mathematical modeling process is carried out based on fuzzy values obtained from the flow graphs.These values for the subject with COPD is compared with healthy subject be to same age,sex and height.Then normalized for fuzzy labels Very low,low,Normal,High,Very Highwhich is the generated on rule base and simulated.RESULTSProvide the interrelationship between characteristic constants obtained from the curves and degree of disease and FEV1 values are measured.LIMITATIONS/FUTURE VISIONIn future it eliminates the error factors and helps in ac curate diagnosis.CHAPTER 3RESPIRATORY DISORDER SYMPTOMS CAUSES3.1 RESPIRATORY DISORDERRespiratory disorderdeals with thediseasesof therespiratory system which include diseases of thelung,pleural cavity and bronchialtube. Respiratory diseases range from mild to life-threatening such asbacterial pneumoniaorpulmonary embolism which may lead to illness and death. The study of respiratory disease is known aspulmonology. A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist.Some of the common respiratory diseases areInflammatory lung disease.Obstructive lung disease.Restrictive lung disease.Pleural cavity diseases.3.2 OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASEObstructive lung diseasesare diseases of the lung in which thebronchialtubes become narrowed.COPDTwo examples for obstructive lung disease areChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a disease in which the airways become disgraced and hence making them narrow. Asthma causes obstruction to the airflow out of the lungs.An d the obstruction is reversible.3.2.1 SYMPTOMSPersistent coughing.Sputumor mucus production.Wheezing.Chest tightness.Tiredness.3.2.2 CAUSESSmoking.Occupational exposures.Air pollution.Genetics.autoimmune disease.3.3 RESITRICTIVE LUNG DISEASERestrictive lung diseaseis also known asrestrictive ventilatory which restricts the lung expansion and there by decreases the lung volume and increases workof breathing.SYMPTOMSShortness of breath, cough3.3.2 CAUSESAsbestos is caused by long-term exposure to asbestos dust.Radiation fibrosis(radiation used for cancer treatment).Rheumatoid arthritis.3.4 DIAGNOSIS OF ABNORMALITY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM USING FEV1/FVC RATIOIn restrictive lung disease, bothFEV1andFVCare reduced so theFEV1/FVC ratiois normal.In obstructive lung diseaseFEV1is reduced while theFVCis normal thus theFEV/FVC ratio is lowerCHAPTER 4 PRINCIPLE OF WORKINGThe spirometer consists of a turbine flow sensor containing LED(source) on one perspective and a photo-diode(detector) on the opposite side.Inbetween the LED and the detector there is a rotor.The rotor is a fan like structure with 3 fins.The above arrangement is present inside a cylindrical case which is opened on both the sides.The LED and the photo-diode are molded with a light weight plastic design inside the case.A mouth piece is fitted on one side and the opposite side is kept open.When the patient blows air inside the mouth piece a pressure difference is created due to the atmospheric air(atmospheric pressure) that enters from the opposite side.A magnate hang on circuit is designed to provide causation supply to the spirometer.When the patient exhales through the mouth piece the rotor rotates.Whenever the rotor is in-between the source and the detector the light from the source is not detected by the detector and when the rotor is not in-between them then the light from the source is detected by the detector.Each heart rate will be detected only if 7ml of gas has been exhaled by the patient.Thes e thrills are then given to the comparator which will give binary output only if the patient is exhaling.And when the patient is not exhaling there is no output from the comparator.This ouput is then given to a microcontroller which is programmed in such a way that it will attend the physique of pulses from the comparator and these pulses are converted into total number of rotations by dividing them(no of pulses) by 3(since the rotor has 3 fins).These rotations are then used to measure the lung volume.The lung volume is then displayed on a LCD which is interfaced with the microcontroller as digital output.CHAPTER 5SYSTEM DESCRIPTION5.1 ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT5.1.1 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUITA 12V and a 5V power supply circuit was implemented.5.1.1.1 IC 7812 IC 7805The two ICs are used to provide 12V and 5V supply respectively.12V from IC7812 is given to the turbine flow sensor.5V from IC7805 is given to LM324 Microcontroller.5.1.1.2 STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMERTransformer being used is a 230V-ste p down transformer.It converts AC to AC without any change in frequency.BRIDGE RECTIFIERThe diode used is IN4007 which acts as bridge rectifier and converts the given AC occurrent to DC.5.1.2 SENSORThe sensor used here is FT-330 Turbine flow sensor.The input to the sensor is the air blown by the patient.5.1.2.1 FEATURESCan withstand temperature upto 80 degree celcius. work with electronics and a light weight plastic design.5.1.2.2 ADVANTAGESHighly accurate.Very chummy.Reliable.5.1.2.3 POTENTIAL DIVIDER AND ZENER DIODEThe output of the turbine flow sensor is given to the capability divider.The potential divider will reduce 12V from the turbine flow sensor and allows a reduced voltage to zener diode.The zener diode is used to fix a threshold i.e it allows only voltage within 5V to the comparator.5.1.2.4 COMPARATORLM324 acts as a comparator which gives a voltage within 5V(square wave) when the patient exhales through the sensor.And when the patient does not exhale, the comparator ou tput protrudes reduced to 0V.The output of the comparator is given to the microcontroller.5.1.2.4.1 FEATURESinternally frequency compensated for unity gain.Large DC voltage gain of 100 dB.Wide bandwidth (unity gain) 1 MHZ.Wide power supply range wiz supply 3V to 32Vor dual supplies 1.5V to 16V.5.1.2.4.2 ADVANTAGESEliminates need for dual supplies.Four internally compensated op amps in a single package.Power drain suitable for battery operation.5.1.3 MICROCONTROLLERThe microcontroller used here is 16F877A.The microcontroller receives input from LM324.The microcontroller is programmed in such a way that it will count the number of pulses from the comparator and these pulses are converted into total number of rotations by dividing them(no of pulses) by 3(since the rotor has 3 fins).These rotations are then used to measure the lung volume(TV,FVC,FEV1).5.1.3.1 FEATURESRAM=368 bytesEEPROM=256bytesPROGRAM MEMORY=8Kilo bytesI/O PINS=335.1.3.2 ADVANTAGESThis IC can be reprogrammed and erase d up to 10,000 times.It is very cheap. It can also be very easily assembled.Additional components needed to make this IC work is a 5V power supply , 20MHz crystal oscillator and two 22pF capacitors.5.1.3.3 LCD DISPLAYThe output(TV,FVC,FEV1)from the microcontroller is displayed on the LCD according to the program.5.2 MECHNICAL DESIGN( MATERIALS USED)5.2.1.TURBINE FLOW SENSOR5.2.1.1 MODELFT-330 Turbine flow sensor5.2.1.2 ADVANTAGEHighly accurate, compact and reliable.5.2.1.3 FEATURESCan withstand temperature upto 80 degree celcius.Molded with electronics and a light weight plastic design.5.2.2. MOUTH PIECEMade up of plastic with a diameter of 2cm.CHAPTER 6CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION6.1 OVERVIEW OF CIRCUIT WORKINGInitially the patient is allowed to blow through the sensor and the output voltage from the sensor is given as input to the potential divider circuit which limits the current to zener diode and which inturn reduces 12V supply from the potential divider o/p and allows only 5V to be giv en to the inverting terminal of LM324(comparator). Reference voltage is given to pin 3 which gets the feedback from LM324 output. Hence when the patient doesnt blow, a high voltage is received by pin 2(inverting terminal) which is compared with the acknowledgement voltage and in this case the i/p voltage reference voltage and hence we get a low voltage(0V) at the output and no pulse is seen and when the patient blows, i/p voltage CHAPTER 7EXPERIMENTAL STUDY7.1 ALGORITHMInitialize the count to 0.When the patient exhales, the number of pulses from LM324 will be counted i.e. the count gets incremented.This count is converted into rotations since the rotor has 3 fins, if we get 3 pulse, it is considered as 1 rotation. So by dividing the count by 3 we will get the total number of rotations.The LM324 will give 1 pulse only if 7 ml of gas is exhaled . So the total number of rotations is multiplied by 7 to obtain the lung volume.Initially the flag will be 0.When the patient exhales TV will be displayed.When the reset is done the flag will be 1.Now when the patient exhales FVC will be displayed.When the reset is done again the flag will be 2.Now when the patient exhales FEV1 will be displayed .Again when the reset is done and the patient exhales then TV will be displayed.7.2 INFERENCEThus the tests results obtained from the designed spirometer matches with the tests results obtained from the laboratory spirometer.Minor differences in the value is due to effect of surrounding environment and moving air.CHAPTER 8CONCLUSIONThe objective of the project was to design a low cost spirometer for the rural health care centers,private clinicians and primary function laboratories.In order to substantiate the objective of our work, we compared the market price of currently available spirometer(MIR SpiroDoc Spirometer),the starting price of which is around $1974.50.Thus the tests results of four subjects obtained from the designed spirometer was compared with the tests results ob tained from HELIOS Pulmonary Function test.The values had some minor differences due to effect of surrounding environment and moving air.But they were of acceptable accuracy.Future work involves interfacing the device with PC and implementation of the product in Telemedicine finish for distance monitoring of respiratory parameter.APPENDIX 11.1 PIN CONFIGURATION OF LM324(COMPARATOR) design 1.1 Refwww.voltage current.info1.2 PIN CONFIGURATION OF PIC16F877AFig 1.2 Refhttp//www.best-microcontroller-projects.com/schematic.drawing-program.html1.3 OVERVIEW OF PIC 16F877AFig 1.3 Refhttp//www.best-microcontroller-projects.com/schematic.drawing-program.html

Effects of Groupthink in an Organisation

Effects of Groupthink in an OrganisationIntroductionThe paper aims to assess the relationship between root wordthink and team military operation. First, it pull up stakes review the conceptualisations of hostthink to analyse the effects of groupthink in organisations, focusing how it is formed and its manifestation in organizational performance, especially in group conclusion devising. Secondly, my study will explain whether or not groupthink affects organisational performance through an analysis of the existent theory by Irving. L. Janis and the empirical studies conducted to examine the groupthink and group performance link. Finally, my paper shows some recommendations which reduce ban impacts of groupthink in carryplace. in spite of appearance my study, I also will support ideas by giving implications about groupthink in organisations in the light of theory.In the past several decades, there has been a substantial increase in emphasis on organisation behaviour literature, focusing on group decision making (Branstatter et al, 1982 Kerr and Tindale, 2004). The utilisation of group decision making, conducted in different type of tasks, has been credited with various benefits including improved productivity and enhancement of the quality of work life (Troopman, 1980). However, many researchers also review a potential problem that occurs within groups and that can dramatically hinder group effectiveness from their performance. This disease can be referred to as groupthink, which is presented the first time in 1972 by Irving L. Janis. The main point of theory on which Janis has been paint a pictureed is that the poor decisions of group suffering from groupthink derive from a strong concurrence-seeking melt downency that suppresses collective decision-making processes, and leads to fiascos (Janis, 1972). Based on his achievement, a large body of research has shown a conscious awareness of the psychological phenomenon of groupthink as fountainhead as form ulates some simple strategies to annul it.A review of groupthinkAccording to Janis (1972), groupthink is described as a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when the members striving for unanimity override their indigence to realistically appraise alternative course of action (1972, p.9). Based on this theory, it is suspected that groupthink occurs when group members motivation for unanimity and agreement such as consensus overrules their motivation to evaluate carefully benefits of decisions as well as expression of deviant or minority opinions (Janis, 1972 Robbins and Judge, 2013). more studies shake up evidenced that groups and teams can develop a high level of cohesiveness which tends to result in better performance. However, a considerable disadvantage of extremely cohesive groups is that their decision making ability can be drastically restricted by Janiss groupthink hypothesis. Indeed, strong cohesive groups, where g roup members are comradely and respectful of others opinions, can contribute to faulty decisions and a policy fiasco when such groups are immersed in poor decision making process under in-group instancys (Eaton, 2001). With the same view, in other words, Fincham and Rhodes (1999) argued that highly cohesive groups can create the pressures of conformity that reduce reflexivity, impeding members judgement and their ability to allude a correct decision. From this point, it is clearly seen that each member of a group finds it comfortable to be in agreement, following a positive part of the group, quite a than to be an opposing force, even if this factor is potential to enhance the efficiency of the groups decisions. This reveals a reality that individuals who make believe different opinions from that of the dominant mass have a tendency to withhold or modify their true feelings and beliefs, which leads to distort the decision making process (Robbins and Judge, 2013). In addition, Knights et al (2007) believed that groupthink can stupefy a disadvantage when learning activities stopped as any further development was largely stagnated by a consensus that was more based upon a drug withdrawal of respect than upon a useful critical insight to assessment of different information and alternative options. Therefore, when the group is attacked by groupthink, the problems are usually discussed and examined in an enigmatical way, leaving many possible solutions and useful ideas (Knights et al, 2007). One of the clearest examples of groupthink which can be considered is the the explosion of the NASA Shuttle Challenger, 73 seconds after it launched in January 1986, killing seven astronauts. The disasters could have been easily prevented if the NASA team noticed the concerns from engineers on the readiness and safety of the Shuttles structure before it were launched (Moorhead et al, 1991). It could be concluded that groupthink impede the voices of members of the group w ho have their own opinions but are marginalised, and maintain an illusion of group unanimity, which may invalidate team performance and contribute in creating fiascos (Knights et al, 2007).In addition, many researchers examine that the effectiveness of directive leading is also one of the factors related to groupthink (Flowers, 1977 Mullen et al, 1994). They claimed that directive leadership has a weak connection with information being considered by the group, the discouragement of dissent, fewer solutions being found and more self-censorship by members (Flowers, 1977 Leana, 1985 Moorhead and Montanari, 1986). Based on previous studies, Moorhead et al (1998) believed that individuals opinions may be prevented from group interaction if there appears a strong leadership and group members just only follow their leaders without sufficient critical evaluation. For example, if the leader of the group suggests unethical ideas, and the group cannot control the rules to range ethical beh aviour, poor decision may be shaped (Sims, 1992). Similarly, Huczynski and Buchanan (2013) concluded that if the group leaders consider their position from the beginning and appear to have a strong preference for a particular goal, the groups tend to support their leaders idea and do not have a chance to suggest alternative information or solutions.Research on symptoms of groupthinkGroupthink, in most of viewpoints, is considered as a threat of organization. Fortunately, Janis (1972, 1982) described eight symptoms categorised in leash types of characteristics which were experienced from the fiascos and serve as the powerful tool for recognising the existence of groupthink. They are overestimation of the group (illusion of invulnerability belief in inherent morality), closed-mindedness (collective rationalisations, stereotyped images of out-groups), and pressure towards uniformity (self-censorship, illusion of unanimity, direct pressures on dissenters, self-appointed mindguards) (Ja nis, 1972 Hart, 1991). These symptoms, according to Janis (1972), are considered as a collection of a concurrence-seeking tendency that can fade group decision making process and lead to fiascos, and even disasters. In his research, concurrence-seeking plays a vital role in collective decision making process but, it will become excessive when it occurs too early in a limited access. In addition, Hart (1991) pointed that the signal of excessive concurrence-seeking can be derived from the pressures toward uniformity, and concurrence-seeking takes places in the context of use of misguide policy from the other two types of characteristics. However, According to Choi and Kim (1999), not all symptoms of groupthink tend to be associated with the others. Their study evidenced that pressure on dissenters, collective rationalisations, and self-censorship tend to be positively associated with each other but negatively associated with the belief in the illusion of invulnerability, the groups i nherent morality, and the illusion of unanimity. From that point, they also suggested that groupthink symptoms suppose two different processes that may occur in collective decision making the positive correlations between the illusions of invulnerability and unanimity with the belief in the group morality, contrary to the emergence of mindguards, self-censorship, pressure on dissenters, and stereotypes of outgroups. Similarly, Park (2000) examined symptoms of groupthink based on the groupthink models Janis and went to a conclusion that the symptom groupings tend to produce negative correlations across the divergent processes. This strengthens for the argument of Longley and Pruit (1980) that the symptoms of groupthink have a strong connection with defective decision making process which would qualify as high quality.How to avoid groupthinkIt is clearly seen that groupthink is an invisible barrier that causes negative effects on group decision making process and lead to serious cons equences. However, Janiss achievement on groupthink theory has paved the way for researchers finding methods to avoid this phenomenon. Macleod (2011) suggested that it is important for managers to foster group cohesiveness along with a shared sense of professional solidarity. At the same time, it is also important to create an impartial comfort zone in which each member of a group is encouraged to have an busy voice in the exchange of ideas and in the evaluation of options. Moreover, relevant outside input should be welcomed as a means of providing diverse information and widening the extent of collaboration.ConclusionIn conclusion, a large body of research has examined the negative impacts of groupthink to organisation, focusing on group decision making. All of them are reviewed and examined meticulously from the Janiss groupthink hypothesis, which claimed that groupthink is clearly seen as an enemy of creativity, bringing threats and major blunders (Simone, 2008). Indeed, groupth ink leads to group decision making failures which come from the highly cohesive groups and the strong directive leadership (Flower, 1977 Leana, 1985 Hart, 1991). Developed from this point, before groupthink becomes a potential pitfall in group decision making, controlled attempts to understand its symptoms are not only desirable but highly necessary. If people can do that, the groupthink framework can be applied effectively to analyse defective decision processes and propose recommendations to avoid groupthink in work organisations. Therefore, it is necessary to have more research on the potential threats to effective group decision making caused by groupthink to get deeper insight into this phenomenon as well as improve the further ideas and continuous in-depth research for groups.

Pest Analysis of McDonalds in Malaysia

Pest Analysis of McDonalds in Malaysia pestis stands for Political, Economic, Sociological, and Technological. infestation analysis is an effective tool to audit comp alls environmental influences which can be riding habitd for strategic decision-making. The PEST analysis is a very useful tool to understand and analyze merchandise growth, market position, future potentials and direction for a particular business concern so A PEST analysis can be termed as a business measurement tool. PEST analysis summarizes the external environment in which the business is planning to operate or already operating. However, an effective follow up and proper response plan is required to ensure optimum use of PEST analysis (Luthans Doh, 2008). This report aims to discuss PEST analysis of McDonalds in Malaysia. The report is divided into five parts. First part is introduction where the basic speculation and application of PEST analysis is discussed. The next part is detail explanation of four com ponents look uply Political, Economic, Sociological, and Technological of PEST analysis. The third part of this report highlights PEST analysis for McDonalds in Malaysia. The final part of this report discusses conclusion and summary analysis.2.0 Background of the Company2.1 IntroductionMcDonalds is a popular brand name in fast nutrition industry. McDonald has 34,000 restaurants in 119 countries serving roughly 69 million people every day. Worldwide around 80% of McDonalds restaurants atomic number 18 franchised and generally have and operated by independent local entrepreneurs (McDonalds, 2013). McDonalds annual report 2012 shows that worldwide the company generated operating income of 8.5 billion in 2011 with 9.7% growth over 2010 (McDonalds Corporation, 2012). McDonalds Malaysia opened its first shop class in 1982 in Kuala Lumpur. According to the figure of 2009, McDonalds Malaysia manages 194 restaurants nationwide catering the need of 10 million customers monthly. McDonald s Malaysia is growing significantly with 15-20 restaurants per annum. In stray to manage day to day operations McDonalds Malaysia has around 8,000 local employees who are working in different outlets and near about 150 personnel are working in the headquarter (McDonalds Malaysia, 2009).2.2 Company HistoryRay Kroc the founder of McDonalds corporation started his business with Richard and Maurice McDonald by buying franchising right in 1950s to operate McDonalds restaurants in the USA. In 1961, he bought complete shares of the company from the McDonald brothers. In the last quarter of 1980, Golden Arches Restaurants Sdn. Berhad. (GARSB) received permission to bring McDonalds in Malaysia. The first McDonalds opened on 29 April 1982 at Bukit Bintang, (McDonalds Malaysia, 2009).2.3 Products are ServicesMcDonalds offer wide variety of fast food and beverages including burger, nugget, chicken fries, French fries, set meals etc. Moreover the restaurant wait ons different typewrite of cof fee, carbonated beverages, ice creams and flavored drinks (McDonalds Malaysia, 2013). McDonalds continuously does research and update its menu to keep the market share. Cost leadership and price differentiation is McDonalds one of the key merchandise strategies (McDonalds Corporation, 2008).3.0 Introduction to PEST analysisIt is mentioned earlier that PEST stands for Political, Economic, Social, and Technological. This tool is used to evaluate the market for both new entrants and existing business units. This analysis tools are a framework for assessing a situation. It can be applied to evaluate a position or a strategy, company direction, new marketing propose or even a new idea. Thorough analysis of the environment in which the firm functions empowers a company to take advantages of opportunities as salutary as minimize the threats. PEST framework often encourages proactive thinking and brainstorming rather than relying on instinct (Luthans Doh, 2008).3.1 PoliticalPolitical f actors often refers government intervention, approach barriers, tax or tariff structures which are designed to benefit Government or the citizen. The political environment has huge influence on the business. Political stability, regulations, pass power of consumers often shapes the profitability of a business (Oxbridge Graduates, 2013). There are certain factors which influence political situation of a country which includes ecological or environmental issues, current legislation home market, future legislation, internationalist legislation, regulatory bodies and processes, government policies, government term and change, trading policies, funding, grants and initiatives, home market lobbying/pressure groups, international pressure groups, wars and conflicts (businessballs.com, 2010).3.2 EconomicEconomic factors comprise many factors e.g. stability, income status, income parity, purchasing powers, unemployment rates, exchange rate, interest rates etc. there is no doubt that these factors plays a decisive role in decision making for an industry or a business (Oxbridge Graduates, 2013). It is necessary to consider certain factors while analysis economic situation of a country, for example, home economy situation, home economy paths, overseas economies and trends, general taxation issues, taxation specific to product or services, seasonality and weather issues, market and great deal cycles, specific industry factors, market routes and distribution trends, customer or end-user drivers, interest and exchange rates, international trade and monetary issues (www.businessballs.com, 2010).3.3 Socio-CulturalSocio- cultural factors refer to the pattern and trend of demand which generally occur due to the nationality, religious or culture. As for food industry it is evident that local taste and preferences will decide the bridal of particular food products. In order to survive and grow local likings and disliking should be followed. So a thorough understanding about local market is required to ensure successful business (Oxbridge Graduates, 2013). The cultural and social influences on a particular business vary country-wise. When a Socio-Cultural situation is analyzed modus vivendi trends, demographics, consumer attitudes and opinions, media views, law changes affecting social factors, brand, company, applied science image, consumer buying patterns, fashion and role models, major events and influences, buying access and trends, ethnic or religious factors, advertising and publicity, estimable issues should be considered (www.businessballs.com, 2010).3.4 TechnologyTechnological factors shape the production output and efficacy of the plant and operation. As for the food industry it is seen that employment of technology brought fruitful results in the food industry (Oxbridge Graduates, 2013). Technology is a critical success factor to achieve and sustain competitive advantages. Moreover, this is a key driving force of globalization. An analyst considers competing technology development, research funding, associated or dependent technologies, replacement technology or solutions, maturity of technology, manufacturing maturity and capacity, entropy and communications, consumer buying mechanisms or technology, technology legislation, innovation potential, technology access, licensing, patents, intellectual property issues, global communications while evaluating technological situation (www.businessballs.com, 2010).4.0 PEST analysis for McDonalds in Malaysia4.1 Political ComponentsMalaysia is a multicultural country with triplet major ethnic groups namely Malay, Chinese and Indian. Moreover, the country has few indigenous groups who live mostly in East Malaysia. Evidently, these groups live in peace without any major clashes (Rex, 1991). Moreover, this country is a popular tourist destination. According to Malayan Tourism Board in 2012 around 25.03 million international tourists visited Malaysia and on an clean 64,000 tour ists landed in Malaysia everyday which is 7.2% higher than the inbound tourist in 2011 (MTPB, 2013). The apparent political stability is one of the main pull outing factors for foreign as well as local investors. Pro- business government mentality, stable political situation and a good legal system shows attractive prospects for investors. Moreover, in order to attract large investments, the government offered greater portion of foreign equity ownership in businesses and enterprises under the Promotion of Investment Act (PIA), 1986. Market-oriented economy and an educated polyglot workforce made Malaysia as one of the popular destinations for investment (Tsen, 2005). So, McDonalds has tremendous opportunities in Malaysia and the company can capitalize this harmonious political situation for come on expansion.4.2 Economy FactorsThe global financial crisis has affected the whole world at the end of 2007 resulting sharp decline in global trade and it also increase the unemployment r ate in many countries. The good thing is Malaysia was not affected severely by the recession like its neighboring country Singapore. One motive could be Malaysia learnt its lessons from the previous financial crisis which occurred in 1997. Moreover, McDonalds dealt the problem efficiently by reducing product price and offering value meals. This is how McDonalds managed to maintain sales figures and performed fail compared to its competitors. Currently, Malaysian economy is growing at a pace of 4.5-5% per annum. The rate of Malaysian Ringgit against US Dollar was steady at average 2.95 (Zheng, 2009). The .4.3 Socio- Cultural FactorsAs it was mentioned earlier that Malaysia is a multi- religion and multicultural country. Islam is considered official religion in Malaysia and more than 50% of population is follower of Islam in Malaysia. So naturally the invention of Halal plays important role in Malaysian food industry (Muhammad, Isa, Kifli, 2009). To respect the religious sentiment of Muslims and to comply government rules McDonalds in Malaysia does not serve any pork item. Moreover, McDonalds follow strict Halal compliances while buying the main ingredients e.g. chicken or meat from suppliers. Beef is one of the popular food items for many Malaysians especially Muslims, that is why data shows that in Malaysia the bestselling McDonalds product is Big Mac (McDonalds Malaysia, 2009). Recent trend shows that the Millennial generation in Malaysia are fitting health concern.4.4 Technological factorsMalaysians are becoming more and more technology oriented. Social networking sites are playing vital role in every view of Malaysian peoples lives especially the younger generations are heavy users of net income and other IT gadgets (Miniwatts Marketing Group, 2010). McDonalds Malaysia has its own website and also it has strong Facebook and other online social networking presence. It disseminates corporate information as well as various promotions and events through these channels (McDonalds Malaysia, 2013). However, it certainly lacks in some aspects where the other competitors are way ahead. For example, McDonalds did not have internet ordering system until recently. Moreover, the delivery service in inadequate and often does not cover most of Kuala Lumpur let alone other cities (McDonalds Malaysia, 2013). In order to sustain in todays competitive business world McDonalds should design appropriate strategies to response changing need of the customers.5.0 ConclusionA PEST analysis is an subtle tool to understand the external affecting factors of business. It enables the company to capitalize the opportunities as well as minimize the potential threats. This report has outlined a PEST analysis for McDonalds Malaysia. However, it should be remembered that todays business world is very dynamic, demanding and ever changing so in order to ensure maximum success, the factors should be analyzed and updated on a regular basis (Luthans Doh, 2008).5.1 Summary of the PEST AnalysisThe summary of PEST analysis McDonalds Malaysia is mentioned belowPolitical Despite of being a multi-cultural society, Malaysia enjoys a peaceful environment. Moreover the government is trying to encourage investments in various ways so McDonalds can use this opportunity for further expansion.Economic though Malaysia was not badly affected by 2007 world recession but still McDonalds was prepared and had taken timely measures. The overall economic improvement of Malaysian opens new opportunities for McDonalds.Socio- Cultural Factors McDonalds has managed to blend with Malaysian culture nicely and understood local preferences very well, as a result McDonalds is a household name in Malaysia. However, recent health consciousness among Malaysians poses a threat for McDonalds. However, McDonalds can capitalize this change in consumer behavior by offering healthier foods e.g. native foods, salads etc.Technology McDonalds understands the need of technology appli cations. It has strong presence in online social medias e.g. Facebook. The communication patterns and preferences are changing, McDonalds should respond to these changes by innovation.

Black Elk Speaks :: essays research papers

dimmed Elk SpeaksThe book dull Elk Speaks was written in the early 1930s by author JohnG. Neihardt, after interviewing the medicine piece of music named ominous Elk. Neihardt wasalready a published writer, and prior to this particular narrative he was atwork publishing a collection of poems titled rung of the West. Although he wasinitially seeking infor-mation about a peculiar Native American religiousmovement that occurred at the end of the 19th century for the finishing hispoetry collection, Neihardt was instead gifted with the story of Black Elkslife. Black Elks words would explain much about the personality of wisdom as wellas the lives of the Sioux and other tribes of that period. The priest or hallowed man calling himself Black Elk was born in theDecember of 1863, to a family in the Ogalala band of the Sioux. Black Elksfamily was well known, and he counted the famed Crazy Horse as a friend andcousin. Black Elks family was likewise acknowledged as a family of wise men,w ith both his father and grandfather themselves being holy men bearing the nameBlack Elk. The youngest Black Elk soon experienced a vision as a young male child, avision of the wisdom inherent in the earth that would direct him toward his truecalling of being a wichasha wakon or holy man like his predecessors. BlackElks childhood vision stayed with him throughout his life, and it offered himaid and wisdom whenever he sought it. It is from the strength of this vision,and the wisdom in his heart that Black Elk eventually realized his place as aleader and wise man in the Ogalala band of the Sioux.The wisdom possessed by Black Elk is immediately present in hisrecollections of various lessons learned by himself and by others. These storiesran the whole gambit of life experiences from the most innocent acts of a boy inlove, to the hard les-sons learned from the treachery of the whites. Throughthese stories a greater insight can be gained into the ways of the Sioux, aswell as lessons into the nature of all men. Most important in these lessons onthe nature of man was wisdom, and in all of Black Elks recollections somewherea deeper wisdom can be found.The story of High Horses Courting stands out as a perfect example ofone of Black Elks narratives. Typically, Black Elks narratives try to bestowa lesson (or les-sons) that the attendant can learn from, just as the subject ofthe story sometimes does.

Sponsership Speech :: essays research papers

Sponsership SpeechIn which direction does the future lead us? What obstacles get out we have to worst to survive? Many of these questions and many otherwises are pondered andweighed by scientists and economists throughout origins around the world. They havedescribed that slowly, but surely, our beautiful artificial satellite pass on come to it?s end. Our polutionand destruction of the ozone layer has caused a great deal of damage to to life on earth,from plants to animals. Certain causes of destruction include vehicular polution, forrestfires and other related causes, leathal and nonleathal gasses produced by factories andother objects, and many others. It is slowly reducing the percentage of servival, yet it is awell known fact that the world is becoming overpopulated. For each minute that passesby, more and more infants are brought into this world. Our ambition to expand and growmay very well bring us to our end. It has been said sequence and m agian that every parents m oon is to see theirchildren grow old and have children of their own. What if the world enforces a law thatrestricts the sexual activity between males and females? Will there be a planet left tocontinue lives of our own as well as the lives of our future loved ones? These reasonshave lead us to believe that our flush should be implement allowing increased funding andfocus on space exploration to find a new home allowing us to begin anew. The season through this time period has been intellegent names by our scientists as?Mankinds Future Iinto Space.? It has been shown through current budget proposals forthe year 2002, made by President Clinton, that more will be spent towards the NASACorporation rather than environmental protection agencies. An increase from 14.3billion dollars to 14.5 billion dollars towards NASA will be on of the drastic changes plead to take place. A decrease of .5 billion dollars will be given to environmentalagencies giving them only 7.3 billion dollars. Billi ons of dollars alone have been puttowards the convalescence from the terrorist attacks on the join States. Also, more moneyhas been wasted by the attack on Afganistan due to the fact of expensive and unnecessarybombing. Description of VisualMany of the devices made by our Federal and executive director branches of governmentare going to play key volutes in our future. Our research and development team will alsoplay a key roll in the future we wish to have. This is because they will determine if it isSponsership Speech essays research papers Sponsership SpeechIn which direction does the future lead us? What obstacles will we have toovercome to survive? Many of these questions and many others are pondered andweighed by scientists and economists throughout origins around the world. They havedescribed that slowly, but surely, our beautiful planet will come to it?s end. Our polutionand destruction of the ozone layer has caused a great deal of damage to to life on earth,from plants to animals. Certain causes of destruction include vehicular polution, forrestfires and other related causes, leathal and nonleathal gasses produced by factories andother objects, and many others. It is slowly reducing the percentage of servival, yet it is awell known fact that the world is becoming overpopulated. For every minute that passesby, more and more infants are brought into this world. Our ambition to expand and growmay very well bring us to our end. It has been said time and time agian that every parents dream is to see theirchildren grow old and have children of their own. What if the world enforces a law thatrestricts the sexual activity between males and females? Will there be a planet left tocontinue lives of our own as well as the lives of our future loved ones? These reasonshave lead us to believe that our bill should be enforced allowing increased funding andfocus on space exploration to find a new home allowing us to begin anew. The era through this time period ha s been intellegent names by our scientists as?Mankinds Future Iinto Space.? It has been shown through current budget proposals forthe year 2002, made by President Clinton, that more will be spent towards the NASACorporation rather than environmental protection agencies. An increase from 14.3billion dollars to 14.5 billion dollars towards NASA will be on of the drastic changespleading to take place. A decrease of .5 billion dollars will be given to environmentalagencies giving them only 7.3 billion dollars. Billions of dollars alone have been puttowards the recovery from the terrorist attacks on the United States. Also, more moneyhas been wasted by the attack on Afganistan due to the fact of expensive and unnecessarybombing. Description of VisualMany of the devices made by our Federal and Executive branches of governmentare going to play key rolls in our future. Our research and development team will alsoplay a key roll in the future we wish to have. This is because they will determi ne if it is